The NGAL synthesis induces in neoplasms; therefore, probably, it is benefited from the level of this protein for the determination of carcinogenesis and the progress stages of human tumors. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the expression of NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin) in lung cancer patients and its relation with apoptosis. The study was conducted on the patients between the ages of 40 and 70 years accepted by the Thoracic Surgery Clinic (Selçuk University, Faculty of Medicine) based on their lung cancer diagnosis. The patients aged between 40 and 70 were included in the study from the thoracic surgery clinic of the Selçuk University as they were administered into the clinic based on their lung cancer diagnosis and had operation before. Patients who have acute stroke, rheumatic diseases, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, chronic infection and other organ and system cancers (except lung cancer) were excluded from the study. Two groups including a lung cancer group (N=40) and a normal group (N=40) were formed to determine the NGAL and M30 levels in sera of patients using the ELISA method. According to the analysis results, the NGAL levels for the lung cancer group and the normal group were observed as 424.03±74.49 and 374.04±90.34 ng/mL, respectively. This increase in the lung cancer group was found statistically significant according to the normal group (p<0.01). The M30 levels, marker for apoptosis in circulation, were obtained as 144.08±45.91 and 118.76±46.16 U/L for the lung cancer group and the normal group, respectively. This increase in the lung cancer group was found statistically significant according to the normal group (p<0.01). A positive correlation was obtained between the NGAL and M30 data by means of Spearman’s correlation test (r(40)=0.58, p<0.01).\nThe antigen levels of caspase 3, 8 and 9 were determined by the immunohistochemical staining methods in the samples of cancerous tissues and normal tissues adjacent to the cancerous tissue, and the apoptotic indexes were calculated. The apoptotic indexes of the cancerous tissues were significantly lower than the normal tissues (p<0.01). This result demonstrates that the predominant type of cell death might be other cell death pathways rather than the apoptotic pathways in lung cancer. In addition, these results support the opinion about the fact that apoptosis may be inhibited by cancer cells in cancerous tissues. The significant increase in the M30 and NGAL levels supports the claims of the previous studies about the fact that it causes the consumption of cellular iron reserves and NGAL induced apoptosis in cancer patients.

Over the long term, companies and their employees are facing increasing demands from customers, business partners, as well as wider society, to behave ethically. As a result, there is a parallel increase in internal demands for an organization to behave ethically related to the performance management of employees and the support of employee motivation. These requirements increase the importance of a code of ethics as one of the main tools for promoting the ethical conduct of an organization. This article aims to highlight the main principles of the contents, creation and enforcement of a code of ethics in organizations and to verify their compliance in practice. This objective was achieved through a questionnaire survey (607 companies) which sought to determine the extent to which a code of ethics is used by Czech companies as a management tool, including differences in its usage in different types of organizations, as well as the frequency with which it is evaluated and whether comments are accepted and the code updated on the basis of such comments.

This short report highlights the ability of the Strannik Virtual Scanning cognitive test to determine the pathological correlates of complex medical conditions, in particular Alzheimer’s disease.\n\nAt present there are no tests which are able to determine the complex pathological correlates of Alzheimer’s disease. The results from an SVS test may contribute to a better understanding of the condition, in particular how it can be diagnosed, and how it can be treated. This paper reports the currently available data. \n\nAn SVS test is able to qualitatively and quantitatively define from its presymptomatic origins the genetic and phenotypic components of the contributory pathologies which influence brain function - typically encephalopathy, degenerative problems in the spine and spinal ganglia e.g. arachnoiditis, ganglioradiculitis, impaired spinal circulation; which may be exascerbated by diabetes and diabetic comorbidities, in particular cardiac insufficiency; which conceivably influence insulin reactivity (and hence the biological availability of insulin to sustain brain function) and the flow of nutrients and oxygen to the brain. \n\nA number of case studies are presented and discussed which illustrate that SVS adopts a more advanced and cost-effective technique which is able to determine the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease than is currently available.

Electromagnetic radiation is an important factor that has a powerful influence on the organisms. Different types of radiation have different effects, while some are harmless; the ones that have high energy can determine major changes at a molecular level.\nIn order to protect themselves, many classes of algae developed different defense mechanisms, through biosynthesis of a family of compounds named mycosporine like amino acids (MAA). This MAA are capable of absorbing UV type radiation, protecting the more sensitive molecule of the cells and literature data show that these compounds have the capacity to protect human skin cells against UV rays of solar radiation.\nThe aim of this study was to determine if the MAA were able to protect mammalian cells against X-rays, an electromagnetic radiation with higher energy then UV. The radioprotection was tested using Wistar mouse fibroblast cells cultures by placing between them and the source of the radiation (between 78.37 and 173 Sv/h) an agarose gel who contains different concentrations of an alcoholic extract obtained from Ceramium genus of red algae. Viability tests and metalloproteinase profile have indicated that X-ray protection of the fibroblast culture depends on the intensity of the x-ray and the concentration of red algae extract from agarose gel.