Mast cells (MCs) are a part of the innate immune system and express receptors for microbial and viral pathogens characteristic of this system. The pathological role of MCs has been demonstrated for a number of highly virulent viral infections. The role of MCs and their Fc receptors for IgE in the immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions and in immunocomplex reactions is well-known, although the role of MCs and their Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR) in immunocomplex processes is much less studied. Antibody-dependent enhancement syndrome (ADE) has been observed in a number of viral infections, and is associated with greater of the secondary infection. ADE is enhanced by virus-specific antibodies, which are not involved in the virus penetration into the cell, but are capable of forming immune complexes. The role of MCs in ADE is well-established for dengue infection, RSV infection and coronavirus (CoV) infection. The involvement of IgG-mediated mast cell responses in other human viral infections including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly understood. Recently discovered mast cell activation disease is considered one of the causes of severe post-infectious complications in COVID-19.\nIf the role of MCs in the pathogenesis of severe viral infections, including ADE in recurrent viral infection is clarified, these cells and the products they release may serve as promising targets for such therapeutic agents as histamine receptor blockers or membrane stabilizers to prevent possible complications.

Peroxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.7) are haem-containing enzymes that use hydrogen peroxide as the electron acceptor to catalyse a number of oxidative reactions. The current interest in catalytic biotransformations is concerned with two major environmental issues. The first one is the replacement of oxidations which uses heavy amount of heavy metal salts by cleaner catalytic alternatives using hydrogen peroxide or oxygen as the oxidant. The second major issue is the increasing demand for high chemo-, regio- or stereoselectivity in chemical reactions in order to improve chemical yields, to minimize waste streams and to avoid enantiomeric ballast. Redox enzymes namely peroxidases are potentially suitable for meeting these two goals. The enzyme isolated from the Luffa aegyptiaca fruit juice contained peroxidase activity 9.0 IU/ml using guaiacol as the substrate and monitoring the absorbance at λmax = 470 nm in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0. The oxidation potential required for the oxidation of guaiacol to tetraguaiacol by peroxidase is 0.575 V whereas by (NH4)2(Ce(NO3)6) and (NH4)6Mo7.4H2O is found to be 0.559V and 0.533Vand the reaction is irreversible. Enzyme peroxidase oxidized Fe (II) and Mn(II) to Fe (III) and Mn(III) in the reaction mixture with oxidation potential 0.599V. The rate of reaction catalysed by peroxidase was determined spectrophotometrically by using guaiacol as the substrate and in presence of different oxidizing agents like H2O2, V2O5, VOSO4 and VO(acac)2 and it was found that the rate of reaction to be in the order of (V2O5 ) > (H2O2) (VO(acac)2) > (VOSO4). Thus V2O5 is better oxidizing agent than H2O2 for catalytic oxidation of guaiacol as the substrate. The enzyme liberated Br2 and I2 in the presence of KBr/KI and H2O2 at pH 7.0. The enzyme with H2O2 and KBr/KCl/KI is a possible ecofriendly reagent for halogenation reactions in organic synthesis. Enzyme technology is to be developed as a viable treatment process.

El artículo analiza el alcance de los derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina, desde una reflexión contextualizada con las celebraciones del bicentenario de la independencia. Considera que los convenios y tratados internacionales con respeto a los derechos colectivos son hoja de ruta que garantiza la superación del Estado monocultural excluyente. Concluye señalando que pese a que la mayoría de las constituciones de los países de la región aluden a los indígenas, queda por desafío la concretización de los derechos reconocidos por la comunidad internacional.

The main objective of this paper is to identify some of the key issues encountered by Tsunami affected Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the process of recovery. First the study identifies damages and losses to MSMEs, secondly ascertains the type of benefits received by the affected MSMEs from various donors, thirdly evaluate problems and difficulties faced in the benefits distribution process. The main data and information for this study obtained from of available literature, web sites and publications supplement with primary data collection from selected sample in Matara district in Southern Sri Lanka and supplementary interviews were conducted with key relevant stakeholders. The results of the study show that Tsunami affected many MSMEs were ignored and carried wrong priorities. Besides the support provided was insufficient for an effective recovery. There existed many governance-related problems in recovery process. However, overall recovery was at low rate of 59 percent. Though, Sri Lanka received second highest local and foreign donation among the Tsunami affected nations, affected MSMEs got a little support and assistance to recover and no any records can be found where these numerous amount of donations received gone. The methodology used, findings and policy recommendations derived from this research can be used to analyze similar cases in other countries and to design a proper coordination mechanism to benefits distribution and speedy recovery process of natural disaster of large scale.

The ovine catarrhal fever (Bluetongue) is a disease appropriate to warm climate countries. Its transmission is made through infected midges called Culicoides, which activity grows by temperatures higher than 18 °C. The global warming helped the emergence of several epidemics in some european regions.\nIntroduced from Tunisia, the ovine catarrhal fever appeared for the first time in Algeria in El Tarf region in July 2000. The disease was then propagated eastward reaching quickly the center region of the country such as Jijel, Bejaia, Tizi-Ouzou, with an ascendancy in rural zones. After calm period due to the unfavourable weather conditions or to the unstatement of the disease, cases of FCO were recently observed in the West region of the country; the area of evolution and the spatial progress of the disease seem to present certain peculiarities.

This article was aimed to analysis the relationship between cultural organizational ‎behavior citizenship and ICT Infrastructure organization service quality. In order to ‎collecting data the questionnaire had been used. These questioners were distributed ‎between 151 costumers of ICT Infrastructure organization. in order to analyzing data ‎and concluding results, SPSS used and then Pearson correlation used. Also our research ‎was based on structural equation model.The result indicated that there was positive ‎significant relationship between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and ICT ‎Infrastructure organization (0/99). Also there was positive significant relationship ‎between each dimension of OCB with E-service quality. The findings show that OCB is a ‎basic factor in E-service quality and confirming the main hypothesis of this study also ‎represents the existence of a positive and meaningful relation between OCB and E-‎service quality. Furthermore, the results show that considering this kind of citizenship ‎behavior especially in service quality which has a high Civic behavior and ‎Conscientiousness could be very useful for improve ICT Infrastructure quality. ‎