ABSTRACT\nObjective: To evaluate the sleeping habits and sleep patterns of first year and final year medical students and its impact on their yearly performance\n.\nMaterial and Method: It was a cross sectional study. The study population included a total of 720 students of two medical colleges (Males-310, Females-410; mean age = 19.5 to 24.5 years ± 1.5) of both the years. We developed a questionnaire to study change over time of sleep patterns, and for Sleep Habits the questionnaire consisted of questions which were to be answered as yes or no. Performance of the students was assessed by their two yearly modular exams- combined assessment (CBA) I and II. Only gender, age and year of study were mentioned on the questionnaire.\nResults: Frequencies were used to evaluate differences for each sleep habit and sleep pattern and paired samples T test was applied to calculate p value. P value < 0.05 was taken as significant. The waking up pattern of students on weekdays i.e. between 5:30-6:30 was 64.7% and 60% , and between 6:30 -7:30 was 35.3% and 40%. The waking up pattern of students on weekends i.e. between 7-8am was 35% and 37.2%, and between 12-1 pm was 65% and 62.8%. Going to sleep pattern of students on weekdays i.e. between 10-11pm was 31.1% and 33.6%, and after 12am was 68.9% and 66.4%. Going to sleep pattern of students on weekends i.e. between 10-11pm was 32.8% and 29.2%, and after 12 am was 67.2% and 70.8%. No significant difference was found between the following sleeping habits of the students which were; sleeping with a night light on and Difficulty falling asleep if go to bed early i.e. the p value was >0.05. on the other hand significant difference p- value < 0.05 was seen among the following habits i.e. sleeping alone or with roommates, reading before sleeping, listening to music before sleeping, afternoon nap per day. There was not much difference between the percentages of theory and practical papers of both i.e. 93% for 1st year and 90% for 2nd year theory papers and 94% and 94% for the practical exams. In CBA-II again for the theory papers both the classes have the same percentage i.e. 76%, but 2nd year was lagging behind in the practical part by getting about 65% score while 1st year had a score of 97%.

Abstract: \nBackground Computed tomography (CT) scan is very important for the measurement of effective dose. A patient size-dependent factor is used to estimate patient dose from scanner output indices for patients of different sizes. The size dependent factor is used over a range of patient sizes, and extends to adult and pediatric patients as well as obese ones. \nObjective This research performed the estimation of size-specific effective dose during CT scan of brain of patients by using PMMA 16 cm reference phantom for treatment planning. \nMaterials and methods We were included pediatric and adult body patients and Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Phantom to evaluate size specific effective dose. We were used AAPM Report No. 204 as protocol in all the works. To measure size specific effective dose, we were used Lateral (LA), AP, and effective diameter of the patients with reference Phantom PMMA 32 cm on CT imaging. \nResults The effective dose had been calculated for different patients after CT scan of head or brain. To estimate the size-specific effective dose, different parameters like anterior posterior (AP), lateral (LAT), AP+LAT dimension, effective diameter, dose length product (DLP) and size specific dose estimate (SSDE) had been calculated. The estimated value of effective dose was in the range of (346-587) mSv. The relations of effective diameter with AP, LAT, AP+LAT dimension, SSDE and age of the patients had been analyzed. \nConclusion By knowing the effective diameter of the slice of patient’s CT image, a doctor can easily estimate the size-specific effective dose for CT scan of the patients. It was also noted that without knowing effective diameter, a doctor or medical physicist can estimate the size-specific effective dose depend on the patient’s age.

BACKGROUND\nProliferative diabetic retinopathy is a complex process of formation of new blood vessels from the retinal circulation. New blood vessels extend to the vitreous cavity and may cause hemorrhage into the vitreous, and untreated it may end in blindness. Presence of more severe retinopathy in diabetic patients is a risk indicator for increased risk of ischemic heart disease death. Still, there is a general belief that the more severe the retinopathy the higher inflammatory and angiogenic factors are, and the mechanism behind the higher cardiovascular mortality especially in patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy is not clear.\nWe hypothesized that there could be a significant difference in levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the peripheral blood of patients at different stages of diabetic retinopathy based on our previous study that has shown that diabetic patients at different stages of retinopathy had different levels of C reactive protein (CRP), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).\nMETHODS\nWe measured the number of colony forming units of endothelial progenitor cells (CFU-EPCs) in peripheral blood samples from 40 subjects (10 healthy controls [41±8 years old], 10 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [64±12 years old] with no retinopathy, 10 T2DM patients [62±26 years old] with non-proliferative retinopathy, and 10 T2DM patients [66±9 years old] with proliferative retinopathy). Blood was drawn early in the morning and was processed within 1 hour. Mononuclear cells were separated and cultured on fibronectin-coated plates with EndoCult medium (StemCell technologies, Vancouver BC Canada) for 5 days. Colony forming units were counted on day 5 (an average of 8 wells). \nRESULTS \nWe observed a significant difference in the number of CFU-EPCs at different diabetic retinopathy stages. Healthy subjects had an average of 36±8 CFU-EPCs, compared to 13±12 CFU-EPCs in T2DM patients without retinopathy (p<0.01), 22±26 CFU-EPCs in T2DM patients with non-proliferative retinopathy (p=NS), and 2±2 CFU-EPCs in T2DM patients with proliferative retinopathy (p<0.01). No difference was observed in CFU-EPCs number between T2DM patients without retinopathy and patients with non-proliferative retinopathy (P=NS), but a significant difference was found between T2DM patients with proliferative retinopathy and patients with non-proliferative retinopathy (p<0.05). \nCONCLUSIONS\nCFU-EPCs are inhibited in T2DM patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy. Levels of CFU-EPCs may be a surrogate biologic marker for severity of diabetic retinopathy and for cumulative microvascular and cardiovascular risk.

Abstract: This paper proposes a new approach of cooling system for home. The main advantages of this cooling system\nare it consumes very low power, no emission of harmful gas and support for health. The basic principle of the system is\nfree cooling is taking place when the external ambient air entropy is less than the indoor air enthalpy and the cool\nexternal air is transferred to the building room directly. The efficiency of the external cool air system in the past years is\nvery low due to external air velocity .Due to this drawback this system is not popular. But this paper a new model is\nproposed to increase the efficiency of cooling. In this paper free cooling is achieved by in conjunction with air collector\nsystems and rotary fan systems. The proposed Air conditioning systems either provide supply 100%fresh air using\noutside air. So this can be use in the cases of hospitals, densely occupied areas such as theatres etc. This system is only\neffective when the outer temperature is less than inside temperature.

A data warehouse is an integrated database primarily used in organizational decision making. Although the deployment of data warehouses is current practice in modern information technology landscapes, the methodical schema design for such databases has only been studied cursorily. In this paper we pursue schema design for data warehouses in the spirit of classical database design, organized as a sequence of requirement analysis and specification to collect user requirements, conceptual design to model the data warehouse as a multidimensional database independently from implementation issues, logical design to transform the conceptual data warehouse schema into the target data model, and physical design to maximize performance with respect to a target database system In short, from a conceptual point of view a data warehouse is a multidimensional database, and fact schemata, such as the one shown in Figure 1, represent such databases conceptually. In Figure 1, we have a fact schema Account from the banking domain, where measures Balance, BalanceClass, and NoOfTransactions are shown in a two dimensional context of dimensions Time and Account. Each dimension is specified by means of a lattice of dimension levels, whose bottom element is called terminal \ndimension level (here: Day, AccID). Importantly, domains of optional dimension \nlevels may contain inapplicable null values, and context dependencies specify contexts of validity for optional dimension levels (e.g., Age is applicable to private customers, whereas Legal Form is applicable to capital companies, and annotations in the schema indicate these facts).\nGiven a fact schema F, we call the attributes occurring in F the universe of F, denoted by UF, and we note that there is a set of functional dependencies over UF , called the functional dependencies implied by F, denoted by FDF (e.g., the set of terminal dimension levels functionally determines the set of measures, and each edge in a dimension lattice indicates a functional dependency).

Aims: To determine the effects of peer education on the level of knowledge about breast cancer among female universities students in Baghdad city.\nMaterials and Methods: A pre-test and post-test design was implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of a Breast Cancer educational model among 144 female university students (72 from the College of Nursing/ Baghdad University (Group I) and 72 from the College of Education/English Department /Al-Mystansireya University (Group II). Before introducing the health education model, each participant was asked to complete pre-coded standardized questionnaire which were redistributed after the intervention to evaluate the level of the gained knowledge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, independent Student’s t test, and paired Student’s t test.\nResults: The mean knowledge scores increased significantly from 54.375 ± 13.372 to 79.375 ± 10.875 among the first group and from 38.888± 15.749to 69.097± 13.277 among the second (p < 0.001). \nConclusions: There was a significant rise in the standard of knowledge about breast cancer after these interventions. Nurses and other health professionals are urged to gain adequate perception about breast cancer and to contribute effectively in promoting the primary health care system and cancer control planning programs.,