In the past decade, a number of contemporary psychotherapy approaches for trauma have extracted Buddhist ideas and practices into their treatment models. However, there has been growing criticisms that are primarily rooted in the concern that these practices have been taken out of their original Buddhist context, necessitating the implementation of holistic Buddhist knowledge among mental health professionals. In response, this qualitative study aims to explore the treatment of traumas by utilizing a Buddhist counseling approach that incorporates the wisdom and principles of Buddhism. Seven experts with advanced training in Buddhism and experiences in Buddhist counseling for trauma were interviewed. The results indicate that Buddhist counseling facilitates the development of concentration, enabling clients to cultivate wisdom in addressing their rigid attachment to self-identity or self-notion. Various specific Buddhist counseling interventions were discussed. Initially, the research question aimed to explore the Buddhist conceptualization of trauma. However, the participants encountered difficulties in understanding the Western construct of trauma. To them, trauma was simply suffering associated with concepts such as grief, loss, and challenging life experiences. Consequently, the research question shifted to focus on the participants\' counseling experiences with clients who have experienced trauma.
Purpose: Academic procrastination or putting off doing a task until tomorrow has been a common disorder among students. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of academic procrastination among Sabzevar medical students and examine the relation between academic procrastination and well-being status in this population. \nMethod: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 498 students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. The inclusion criterion required participants to be undergraduate students. We used a stratified random sampling method to collect the data. Students filled out the Procrastination Assessment Scale-Student (PASS) and the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5). \nResults: Students completed 400 questionnaires (response rate of 80%). The percentage of participants who were female, single, and resident in a dormitory were 76%, 78%, and 67% respectively. The mean score of the WHO-5 well-being index were 58.4 ± 20.7 (ranging from 0 to 100). Results showed that 34.8%, 37.1%, 49.9%, 13.8%, 27.6%, and 44.4% of the participants procrastinated most of the times or always in the first to 6th domains of the scale respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean procrastination score of depressed and non-depressed students. \nConclusion: low well-being status and academic procrastination were both common and interrelated. University teachers should consider low well-being status when their students frequently procrastinate their tasks. Screening of low well-being status and proper intervention is recommended to improve both students’ mental health and academic achievements.
Abstract\nTo evaluate the effect of sodium chloride salinity and depth of planting, on stem length traits, number of leaves after 12 days and number of days to seedling emergence in tested PEA ALDERMAN genotypes by using three levels of sodium chloride salinity (salinity 0/5%, salinity 1/5% and 2% salinity) three planting depths (1, 2 and 3 cm) and PEA ALDERMAN genotype in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences for the three traits evaluated between the depths of planting. But between the levels of salinity, only for the two traits of stem length and leaves after 12 days there was significant difference at the 5% level. Based on the results of the comparison of factors, maximum stem length and the number of leaves after 12 days of sowing depths of 1 and 2 cm and least of all about the planting depth was three inches. The results showed that with increasing depth of planting, the number of days to germination increases. Also the results of the mean surface salinity showed that all traits except days for germination was affected by salinity and with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in irrigation water, stem length and the number of leaves is reduced after 12 days. The results of correlation between traits showed that with increasing stem length, leaf number increased after 12 days (Significant correlation). On the other hand by the increase in the number of days to emergence, shoot length decreases (Negative and significant). But the correlation between the number of days to seedling emergence and number of leaves after 12 days were negative and insignificant. The result of linear regression analysis showed that the number of days to emergence (the dependent variable) and the number of leaves after 12 days, there is a significant linear relationship between them according to the form below: y=5/91-0/267x. On the other hand, the result of the quadratic regression stem length trait (dependent variable) and the number of leaves after 12 days showed that there was a significant relationship between these characteristics: y=-0/956+3/753x-0/236x2. These results indicate that stem length increased by the increase in the number of leaves, from 12 days. But after some extent, after 12 days, the number of leaves, stem length decreases.\nKey words: salinity, depth of planting, stem length, regression and correlation.
Abstract: \nDue to the sensitivity of potato to virus, production of virus-free plants, reduction in production costs and increased performance, in vitro cultivation of this plant is very important. To evaluate the effect of six combined hormones and vitamins as treatments on main and secondary shoot length, the minimum and maximum of secondary shoot length and number of secondary shoot Agria potatoes, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in laboratory condition at 2012-2014. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that there is significant correlation between the traits. Based on these results, there was no significant relationship between main shoot length and other observed variables in the stepwise manner. The results showed that by increasing the minimum of secondary shoot length, main shoot length increased. On the other hand, by increasing the number of secondary shoot, main shoot length decreased. The results showed that the correlation between the minimum of secondary shoot length and the maximum of secondary shoot length was positive and significant at 1%. According to the results, by the increase of the length of the secondary branch, the minimum and the maximum of secondary shoot length increased. It was found that with increasing of the main shoot length, maximum of secondary shoot length, minimum of secondary shoot length and mean of secondary shoot length increased, too. The main shoot length and number of secondary shoot correlation was negative and significant. \n\nKeywords: Hormonal Compounds, Shoot Induction, Regression, Potatoes
Abstract:\nDue to the sensitivity of potato to virus, production of virus-free plants, reduction in production costs and increased performance, in vitro cultivation of this plant is very important. To evaluate the effect of six combined hormones and vitamins as treatments on main and secondary shoot length, the minimum and maximum of secondary shoot length and number of secondary shoot Agria potatoes, an experiment was conducted in 2012-2014 in a randomized complete block design with three replications in laboratory condition. Multivariate analysis of variance (multivariate) showed that in all traits between treatments (hormonal compounds) there is a significant difference at 1% probability level. Based on the obtained results, the main shoot length of treatment (Pyridoxine 5ppm + thiamine 20ppm + biotin 10 ppm+ cytokinin 5ppm) and the lowest amount related to combined hormone treatment (Pyridoxine 5ppm + thiamine 5ppm + biotin 5ppm + cytokinin 2ppm), respectively.Based on these results, treatment of thiamine 5ppm is the best combination to increase the minimum of secondary shoot length and the mean of secondary shoot length. The best treatment combination to increase the length of the side branch was 10ppm biotin. It is recommended to produce the greatest number of secondary shoot cytokinin 2ppm. It also became clear that in order to increase the main shoot length Pyridoxine 5ppm + thiamine treatment combination 20ppm + 10 biotin ppm+ cytokinin 5ppm is appropriate.\nKeywords: hormonal compounds, shoot induction, Agria potatoes.
Abstract:\nDue to the sensitivity of potato to virus, production of virus-free plants, reduction in production costs and increased performance, in vitro cultivation of this plant is very important. To evaluate the effect of 11 combined hormones and vitamins as treatments on main and secondary shoot length, the minimum and maximum of secondary shoot length and number of secondary shoot Agria potatoes, an experiment was conducted in 2012-2014 in a completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory condition. The result of variance analysis showed that between the hormonal compounds from the point of evaluated traits there is significant difference at 1% probability and this suggests that different hormone combinations with different concentrations have significant effects on the traits that were assessed. Results mean comparison table showed that the combination treatment of P20T20B10PBA5 increased main shoot length and the number of secondary shoot. According to the results, treatment combination of P20T20B10PBA4 increases the mean of secondary shoot length. However, the treatment combinations of P5T5B5PBA2, P5T5B5PBA5 and P20T20B10PBA5 decrease the mean of secondary shoot length.\n\nKeywords: Potatoes, Secondary Shoot, Hormone, Tissue Culture, Vitamin
In this paper, I suggest and review four perspectives within the literature surrounding knowledge managed leadership(KML) research at the organizational level: information systems,leadership, organizational learning, and strategy perspectives. Each perspective informs the other perspective.
Background: Patients with liver disease are at high risk for morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period due to both the stress of surgery and the effects of general anesthesia. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the value of MELD score, as compared to CTP score, for prediction of 30- day post operative mortality in Egyptian patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing non-hepatic surgery under general anesthesia.\nMethods: Sixty patients with HCV- related liver cirrhosis were included in this study. Sensitivity and specificity of MELD and CTP scores were evaluated for prediction of post operative mortality. 20 patients who had no clinical, biochemical or radiological evidence of liver disease were included to serve as a control group.\n\nResults: The highest sensitivity and specificity for detection of postoperative mortality was detected at a MELD score of 13.5. CTP score had a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 96.4%, and an overall accuracy of 95% for prediction of post operative mortality. On the other side and at a cut off value of 13.5, MELD score had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 64.0%, and an overall accuracy of 66.6% for prediction of post operative mortality in patients with HCV- related liver cirrhosis.\n\nConclusion: MELD score is more sensitive but less specific than CTP score for prediction of post operative mortality. CTP and MELD scores may be complementary rather than competitive in predicting post operative mortality in patients with HCV- related liver cirrhosis.